Introduction – Static Modeling Course Introduction of presenter(s) The main concepts to be covered in this chapter are: ☞ Static Modeling Course Objectives ☞ Model Building Workflow ☞ Reservoir Modeling and Reservoir Management Plans        ▷ Field Life Cycle        ▷ Reservoir Depletion Plans        ▷ Role of Integration ☞ 10 Golden Rules for Flow Modeling ☞ Use and Misuse of Reservoir Modeling ☞ Cost of Building Reservoir Models ☞ Benefits of Integrated Model Studies ✍ Checklist Exercise Study field background

Well Data and Core ☞ Types of Well Data and How They are Utilized ☞ Data Verification and Conditioning ☞ Geological data        ▷ Data Prep        ▷ Assimilation/Interpretation        ▷ Field Analogs ☞ Core Description        ▷ Inventory of available data        ▷ Digital or manual description        ▷ How to capture data        ▷ Value of core description        ▷ Objectives/focus        ▷ QC             ○ Examples of failed QC (tops, structure, depo environment, wire-line, petro)        ▷ Observations and documentation        ▷ Shift to wire-line logs        ▷ Qualitative data input        ▷ Importance of scale ✍ Exercise        ✍ Core description and core photos        ✍ Core to wire-line data shift

Core, Pressure and Petrophysical Data ☞ Objective        ▷ To define an optimized layering scheme ☞ Data Integration        ▷ Are all the data available and QC'd? ☞ Facies and Core Data        ▷ Core Data Prep        ▷ Simplify without loss of heterogeneity        ▷ Examples of Display and Use        ✍ Exercise – Teapot dome             ✍ Plot MDT pressure data ☞ Input Data Required        ▷ Core Plug Data             ○ Convert analysis to reservoir pressures ☞ Data Preparation        ▷ Edit        ▷ Shift        ▷ Environmental Corrections        ▷ Normalization ☞ Calculation Methods        ▷ Porosity - f        ▷ Permeability - k        ▷ Water Saturation - Sw ☞ Analysis, QC, and Data Conditioning        ▷ Core porosity, permeability and Sw ☞ Facies model considerations        ▷ Wireline predictability        ▷ Facies relationship to reservoir quality        ▷ Vertical and lateral detail        ▷ Data Revisions ☞ Cut-offs ✍ Exercise - Modify parameters in Archie’s Equation to estimate water saturation (Sw) and chart the sensitivity to input data

Contact and Flow Unit Definition ☞ Contact Analysis        ▷ Core Data – Oil Stain        ▷ Open and cased hole logs        ▷ RFT/MDT        ▷ Production history – Test Data        ✍ Exercise – Teapot dome             ✍ Pick contact from wire-line cross-section             ✍ Determine compartments             ✍ Map influx ☞ Get the Regional Picture        ▷ How does the big picture impact my model? ☞ Reservoir Layering        ▷ Lithology or sequence based stratigraphy?        ▷ How much detail?        ▷ How should facies impact layering?        ✍ Exercise – Teapot dome             ✍ Develop layering scheme based on wire-line/MDT, core, etc.

Preparing Horizon and Fault Data ☞ Fault Picks in Seismic        ▷ Procedures        ▷ Methods        ▷ Data enhancement             ○ Coherency             ○ Spectral Decomposition             ○ Curvature        ▷ QC ☞ Fault Picks in Geology        ▷ Procedures        ▷ Methods        ▷ QC ☞ Linking seismic and geological faults ☞ Seismic Horizon Interpretation        ▷ Methods and areal coverage ☞ AOI ☞ Mapping        ▷ Grid cell size ☞ External data        ▷ Dip meter        ▷ FMI (full-borehole micro imager)        ▷ UBI (ultrasonic borehole imager)        ▷ Core        ▷ DSI (dipole sonic imager)        ▷ SCAT (statistical curvature analysis technique)        ▷ Satellite imagery        ▷ Topographic data        ▷ Paleontology/Biostratigraphy ✍ Exercise        ✍ Locate Faults             ✍ Coordinate all data sets to yield a consistent fault        ✍ Overpost seismic outline on field using Google Earth             ✍ Identify Surface Faulting

Preparing the Structural Framework ☞ Fault model overview        ▷ Structural interpretation/style timing        ▷ Reservoir discontinuities        ▷ Grid layout and orientation ☞ Structural styles overview ☞ Fault framework principles        ▷ Fit for purpose fault framework             ○ Develop only one structural model        ▷ Model contains all identifiable faults that offset the reservoir interval             ○ Stratigraphic limitations treated as faults for simulation model        ▷ Faults impacting reservoir intervals and fluid flow identified        ▷ Contacts honored             ○ Does the hydrocarbon column seal laterally through a combination of dip/fault/stratigraphic pinchout edges        ▷ Well fault cuts honored        ▷ Gridding considerations ☞ Framework construction        ▷ Working in time and depth domains        ▷ Workflow             ○ Import             ○ Build fault planes and QC             ○ Feedback loop to structural interpretation             ○ Intersection and truncations             ○ Edit tipout polygons ☞ Where things could go wrong ☞ Structural Uncertainty ☞ Import Data to modeling package        ▷ Seismic (sticks, polygons, centerlines, planes)        ▷ Well picks        ▷ QC ☞ Fault Treatment        ▷ Vertical vs. Inclined (What are the objectives?)        ▷ Special Consideration for Reverse Faulting        ▷ Salt/shale diapirs ☞ Fault gridding approach        ▷ Pillar Approach (Petrel/Old RMS)        ▷ Fault Plane/Block Approach (New RMS/EarthVision)        ▷ GOCAD/SKUA        ▷ Fault Model QC        ▷ Truncations/intersections/well ties/tip-out polygons/unconformities ✍ Exercise        ✍ Determine the truncation order of intersecting faults

Building Stratigraphic Framework and Gridding ☞ Recap of course topics to date ☞ Recap of data for field model ☞ Building Layering into the Static Model        ▷ Strategy for using mapped horizons and isochores        ▷ Different scales of Layering        ▷ Modeler’s controls over layering        ▷ Feedback of horizon to seismic and geological cross-sections        ✍ Exercise – using what is known about the reservoir ☞ Geocellular Gridding        ▷ Elements and definitions of the geocellular grid        ▷ Geologic vs. Simulation grid-building workflow & strategy        ▷ Working within a cell budget        ✍ Exercise – estimating cell size, grid size        ▷ Methods for handling faults in the geocellular grid        ▷ Keeping scale in mind

Facies Modeling ☞ Recap of facies data ☞ Goal(s) of facies modeling ☞ Facies Modeling Workflow        ▷ Blocking        ▷ Data analysis        ▷ Define trends vertical and lateral        ▷ Variograms        ▷ Deterministic or simulation ☞ Facies Modeling Options        ▷ Interpolation        ▷ Deterministic        ▷ Object based –             ○ Geobody shape, dimension, and orientation             ○ Capture vertical and lateral baffles/barriers        ▷ Indicator             ○ Capture baffles        ▷ Belts or trends        ▷ Combination        ▷ Co-simulation, co-located co-simulation ✍ Exercise – propose a facies model at Teapot Dome

Petrophysical Property Modeling ☞ Recap of course topics to date ☞ Introduction to property modeling        ▷ Which properties are modeled?        ▷ Why properties are modeled at geologic scale        ▷ Why model each facies and interval separately?        ✍ Exercise – properties with and without a facies bias ☞ Property Modeling Workflow        ▷ Blocking (upscaling) well logs to geocellular grid        ▷ Data Analysis of blocked well properties             ○ Data preparation             ○ Analyzing trends             ○ Property correlation             ○ Transforming blocked well data             ○ Variograms ☞ Deterministic methods (description, uses)        ▷ Interpolation        ▷ Trend modeling ☞ Geostatistical Methods        ▷ Kriging (prediction)        ▷ Stochastic Simulation, co-simulation, co-located co-simulation ☞ Modeling Water Saturation        ▷ Sw (prior to production), Swir (irreducible)        ▷ Using functions (j-function, user-defined, hard wired) ☞ Scale and history behind geostatistical modeling

Selecting Realizations and Upscaling ☞ Recap of course topics to date ☞ Ranking realizations        ▷ Deterministic vs. stochastic modeling        ▷ Randomness in facies and property arrays        ▷ Upscaling as necessary evil – CPU runtime constraint ☞ Selecting representative realizations        ▷ Ranking is a fit-for-purpose operation        ▷ What is held constant? What is allowed to vary?        ▷ Ranking criteria             ○ Volume (net rock volume, pore volume, HCPV, . . )             ○ Connectivity (connected PV, facies, . . .             ○ Dynamic (simple streamline breakthrough times) ✍ Exercise – Excel spreadsheet picking the P50 ☞ Upscaling Geomodel Properties for Simulation        ▷ Upscaling Philosophy and Goals        ▷ Value of the Downscaled Geocellular grid        ▷ General upscaling workflow             ○ Wireline Logs-to-Blocked Cells             ○ Blocked Cells-to-Geocellular Grid             ○ Geocellular Grid-to-Simulation Grid        ▷ Methods for upscaling different properties             ○ Discrete (facies)             ○ Averaging methods (porosity, k, NTG, Sw)             ○ Additional method for upscaling permeability (diagonal tensor)             ○ Horizontal vs. layer-based averaging        ▷ Upscaling Issues & Problems